医学公开数据库查询与登记

references/simbad.md

SIMBAD contains data on astronomical objects beyond the Solar System, including identifications, coordinates, photometry, proper motions, parallaxes, radial velocities, spectral types, and bibliographic references.

Base URLs

TAP endpoint (recommended):

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-tap/sync

Script interface:

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-script

Simple query endpoints:

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id
https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-coo

Authentication

No API key required. All endpoints are public.

Key Endpoints

1. TAP Queries (ADQL — recommended for programmatic use)

POST /simbad/sim-tap/sync
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Parameters:
  REQUEST=doQuery
  LANG=ADQL
  QUERY=<adql query>
  FORMAT=json|votable|csv|tsv
  MAXREC=<max rows>

Parameter	Type	Description
REQUEST	string	doQuery
LANG	string	ADQL
FORMAT	string	json, votable, csv, tsv.
QUERY	string	Required. ADQL query.
MAXREC	int	Max rows returned. Always set to avoid downloading millions of rows.

Example — look up object by name:

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-tap/sync?request=doQuery&lang=adql&format=json&query=SELECT basic.OID, ra, dec, main_id, otype FROM basic JOIN ident ON oid = ident.oidref WHERE id = 'M31'

Example — cone search (objects within 5 arcmin of coordinates):

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-tap/sync?request=doQuery&lang=adql&format=json&query=SELECT TOP 50 main_id, ra, dec, otype FROM basic WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), CIRCLE('ICRS', 10.684, 41.269, 0.083)) = 1

Note: radius in CIRCLE is in degrees (5 arcmin = 0.083 deg).

Example — objects by type (e.g., all pulsars):

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-tap/sync?request=doQuery&lang=adql&format=json&query=SELECT TOP 100 main_id, ra, dec, otype FROM basic WHERE otype = 'Psr'

2. Identifier Query (simple lookup)

GET /simbad/sim-id?Ident={name}&output.format=votable

Parameter	Type	Description
Ident	string	Required. Object name (e.g., M31, Sirius, NGC 1275).
output.format	string	votable, html.

3. Coordinate Query

GET /simbad/sim-coo?Coord={coords}&Radius={radius}&Radius.unit={unit}&output.format=votable

Parameter	Type	Description
Coord	string	Required. Coordinates, e.g., 10.684 +41.269 or 00 42 44 +41 16 09.
Radius	float	Search radius. Default: 2.
Radius.unit	string	arcmin, arcsec, deg. Default: arcmin.
output.format	string	votable, html.

4. Script Interface (for multi-command queries)

POST /simbad/sim-script
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

Body: script=<script text>

A script consists of configuration lines followed by query commands:

output console=off script=off
format object "<format string>"
query id <object name>

Query commands:

• query id <name> — lookup by name (e.g., query id M31)
• query coo <ra> <dec> radius=<value><unit> — cone search (units: d=deg, m=arcmin, s=arcsec)
• query id wildcard <pattern> — wildcard search (e.g., query id wildcard NGC 10*)
• query sample <criteria> — criteria search (e.g., query sample otype='*' & Vmag < 5.0)

Multi-object queries — include multiple query id lines in a single script:

output console=off script=off
format object "%IDLIST(1) | %COO(s;A D;ICRS) | %OTYPE"
query id M31
query id M42
query id M101

Script Format Codes

Format codes define which fields appear in script output. Use inside format object "...".

Identification

Code	Description	Example Output
%IDLIST(1)	Primary identifier	M 31
%IDLIST	All identifiers	M 31, NGC 224, UGC 454, ...
%MAIN_ID	Main identifier	M 31

Coordinates

Code	Description	Example Output
%COO(s;A D;ICRS)	RA Dec ICRS (sexagesimal)	00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50
%COO(d;A D;ICRS)	RA Dec decimal degrees	10.6847083 +41.2687500
%COO(d;A D;GAL)	Galactic coordinates	121.1743 -21.5733

Object Properties

Code	Description	Example Output
%OTYPE	Object type (short code)	G
%SP	Spectral type	A1V
%MT	Morphological type	SA(s)b

Photometry

Code	Description
%FLUXLIST(V)	V-band magnitude
%FLUXLIST(B)	B-band magnitude
%FLUXLIST(U,B,V,R,I)	Multiple bands
%FLUXLIST(J,H,K)	Near-infrared bands

Kinematics

Code	Description
%PM	Proper motion (mas/yr)
%PLX	Parallax (mas)
%RV	Radial velocity (km/s)

Predefined Format Levels

Basic:    "%IDLIST(1) | %COO(s;A D;ICRS) | %OTYPE"
Detailed: "%IDLIST(1) | %COO(s;A D;ICRS) | %OTYPE | %SP | %FLUXLIST(V)"
Full:     "%IDLIST(1) | %COO(s;A D;ICRS;J2000) | %OTYPE | %SP | %FLUXLIST(U,B,V,R,I,J,H,K) | %PM | %PLX | %RV | %MT"

Key TAP Tables

basic — Main Object Table

Column	Type	Description
oid	BIGINT	Internal object identifier (primary key)
main_id	VARCHAR	Primary object identifier
ra	DOUBLE	Right Ascension in degrees (ICRS)
dec	DOUBLE	Declination in degrees (ICRS)
otype	VARCHAR	Condensed object type code
sp_type	VARCHAR	Spectral type
plx_value	DOUBLE	Parallax in milliarcseconds
plx_err	DOUBLE	Parallax error
pmra	DOUBLE	Proper motion in RA (mas/yr)
pmdec	DOUBLE	Proper motion in Dec (mas/yr)
rvz_radvel	DOUBLE	Radial velocity (km/s)
rvz_err	DOUBLE	Radial velocity error
galdim_majaxis	DOUBLE	Galaxy major axis (arcmin)
galdim_minaxis	DOUBLE	Galaxy minor axis (arcmin)
galdim_angle	DOUBLE	Galaxy position angle (degrees)

ident — Identifier Table

Column	Type	Description
oidref	BIGINT	Reference to basic.oid
id	VARCHAR	Identifier string

flux — Photometric Measurements

Column	Type	Description
oidref	BIGINT	Reference to basic.oid
filter	VARCHAR	Filter name (U, B, V, R, I, J, H, K, u, g, r, i, z, G, etc.)
flux	DOUBLE	Magnitude value
flux_err	DOUBLE	Magnitude error
bibcode	VARCHAR	Source reference bibcode

mesDistance — Distance Measurements

Column	Type	Description
oidref	BIGINT	Reference to basic.oid
dist	DOUBLE	Distance value
unit	VARCHAR	Distance unit (pc, kpc, Mpc)
minus_err	DOUBLE	Lower error
plus_err	DOUBLE	Upper error
method	VARCHAR	Measurement method
bibcode	VARCHAR	Source reference

has_ref / ref — Bibliographic References

has_ref links objects to references (oidref → basic.oid, oidbibref → ref.oidbib).

ref Column	Type	Description
oidbib	BIGINT	Bibliography object ID
bibcode	VARCHAR	ADS bibcode
title	VARCHAR	Paper title
journal	VARCHAR	Journal name
"year"	INTEGER	Publication year

otypedef — Object Type Definitions

Column	Type	Description
otype	VARCHAR	Object type code
description	VARCHAR	Human-readable description

Common Object Types (otype)

Code	Description
*	Star
HII	HII region
PN	Planetary nebula
SNR	Supernova remnant
G	Galaxy
AGN	Active galactic nucleus
QSO	Quasar
ClG	Galaxy cluster
GlC	Globular cluster
OpC	Open cluster
Psr	Pulsar
WD*	White dwarf
Pl	Extra-solar planet
**	Double/multiple star
V*	Variable star
X	X-ray source

Query SELECT * FROM otypedef ORDER BY otype for the full list. otype is the stored short code; label contains display labels such as Galaxy. Equality to * selects only that exact type, not every stellar subtype; use the type hierarchy deliberately when including descendants.

ADQL Query Patterns

Spatial Queries

Cone search — objects within a radius of a point:

SELECT main_id, ra, dec, otype
FROM basic
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), CIRCLE('ICRS', 83.633, 22.014, 0.5)) = 1

Parameters: CIRCLE('ICRS', center_ra_deg, center_dec_deg, radius_deg)

Box search:

SELECT main_id, ra, dec, otype
FROM basic
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), BOX('ICRS', 180.0, 0.0, 10.0, 5.0)) = 1

Parameters: BOX('ICRS', center_ra, center_dec, width_deg, height_deg)

Polygon search:

SELECT main_id, ra, dec
FROM basic
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), POLYGON('ICRS', 10.0, 40.0, 12.0, 40.0, 12.0, 42.0, 10.0, 42.0)) = 1

Angular distance:

SELECT main_id, ra, dec,
       DISTANCE(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), POINT('ICRS', 10.68458, 41.26917)) AS dist_deg
FROM basic
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), CIRCLE('ICRS', 10.68458, 41.26917, 0.1)) = 1
ORDER BY dist_deg ASC

JOINs

-- V-band magnitudes
SELECT b.main_id, b.ra, b.dec, f.flux AS Vmag
FROM basic AS b
JOIN flux AS f ON b.oid = f.oidref
WHERE f.filter = 'V' AND f.flux < 6.0
ORDER BY f.flux ASC

-- All identifiers for an object
SELECT b.main_id, i.id
FROM basic AS b
JOIN ident AS i ON b.oid = i.oidref
WHERE b.main_id = 'M  31'

-- Distance measurements
SELECT b.main_id, d.dist, d.unit, d.method
FROM basic AS b
JOIN mesDistance AS d ON b.oid = d.oidref
WHERE b.main_id = 'M  31'

Cross-Matching Identifiers Between Catalogs

SELECT b.main_id, i1.id AS hipparcos_id, i2.id AS gaia_id
FROM basic AS b
JOIN ident AS i1 ON b.oid = i1.oidref AND i1.id LIKE 'HIP %'
JOIN ident AS i2 ON b.oid = i2.oidref AND i2.id LIKE 'Gaia DR3%'
WHERE b.otype = '*' AND b.plx_value > 50

Bibliography for Objects in a Region

SELECT b.main_id, r.bibcode, r.title, r."year"
FROM basic AS b
JOIN has_ref AS hr ON b.oid = hr.oidref
JOIN ref AS r ON hr.oidbibref = r.oidbib
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', b.ra, b.dec), CIRCLE('ICRS', 83.633, -5.375, 0.5)) = 1
  AND r."year" >= 2020
ORDER BY r."year" DESC

Aggregation

-- Count objects by type in a region
SELECT otype, COUNT(*) AS count
FROM basic
WHERE CONTAINS(POINT('ICRS', ra, dec), CIRCLE('ICRS', 266.417, -29.008, 1.0)) = 1
GROUP BY otype
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5
ORDER BY count DESC

-- Average parallax grouped by the exact spectral-type string
SELECT sp_type, AVG(plx_value) AS mean_plx, COUNT(*) AS n
FROM basic
WHERE sp_type IS NOT NULL AND plx_value IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY sp_type
ORDER BY sp_type

Response Formats

TAP JSON

{
  "metadata": [
    {"name": "main_id", "datatype": "char"},
    {"name": "ra", "datatype": "double"},
    {"name": "dec", "datatype": "double"}
  ],
  "data": [
    ["M 31", 10.6847, 41.2687]
  ]
}

Script Response

Plain text with pipe-delimited fields. Lines starting with :: are metadata — filter them out. Check for error or not found in data lines to detect failures.

Rate Limits

No formal rate limits documented. Best practices:

• Add time.sleep(0.5) between sequential script queries
• Use TAP/ADQL for batch queries instead of looping over the script interface
• Always set MAXREC or use TOP N in TAP queries to avoid accidentally downloading millions of rows
• Very large TAP queries may time out; tighten WHERE clauses or switch to async TAP at /simbad/sim-tap/async
• Use VOTable format for large TAP results (preserves data types and units better than JSON)

Input Sanitization

When building ADQL or script queries from user-supplied object names, sanitize inputs to prevent injection:

• Reject control characters in object names. Use form/URL encoding for transport, and keep script commands and field names fixed
• Escape single quotes in ADQL string literals by doubling them (' → '')
• Limit input length (128 chars is reasonable)
• Collapse and trim whitespace