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获取原文件references/citation_styles.md
Reviewed 2026-09-30. This is a formatting aid; all sample author/title/page combinations below are illustrative, not verified references. Replace placeholders and use a current CSL style plus the target venue instructions for final output. The DOI-checking script verifies registration/metadata, not style compliance.
APA Style (7th Edition)
Journal Articles
Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L., & Williams, K. R. (2023). Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 22(4), 301-318. [DOI URL]
Books
Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2021). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (10th ed.). Elsevier.
Book Chapters
Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
Example: Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (2020). Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. In M. B. Eisen & P. O. Brown (Eds.), DNA microarrays: A molecular cloning manual (pp. 1-45). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Preprints
Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of preprint. Repository Name. https://doi.org/xxxx
Example: Zhang, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2024). Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv. [preprint DOI URL]
Conference Papers
Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month day-day). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of conference proceedings (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx
Nature Style
Journal Articles
Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. Title of article. J. Name volume, page range (year).
Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L. & Williams, K. R. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 301-318 (2023).
Books
Format: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. Book Title (Publisher, Year).
Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K. & Aster, J. C. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 10th edn (Elsevier, 2021).
Multiple Authors
- Nature reference lists: list all authors through five; above five use the first author followed by "et al.". Other Nature Portfolio journals may differ; check the actual journal instructions.
Example: Zhang, Y. et al. Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv [preprint DOI URL] (2024).
Chicago Style (18th Edition, Author-Date)
Journal Articles
Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume, no. issue (Month): page range. https://doi.org/xxxx.
Example: Smith, John D., Mary L. Johnson, and Karen R. Williams. 2023. "Machine Learning Approaches in Drug Discovery." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 22, no. 4 (April): 301-318. [DOI URL].
Reference lists include up to six authors; above six list the first three plus et al. Three or more authors use first author plus et al. in text. Current Chicago no longer requires a book publication place.
Books
Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher.
Example: Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Jon C. Aster. 2021. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Elsevier.
Vancouver Style (Numbered)
Journal Articles
Format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;volume(issue):page range.
Example: Smith JD, Johnson ML, Williams KR. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(4):301-18.
Books
Format: Author AA, Author BB. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year.
Example: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.
Citation in Text
Use superscript numbers in order of appearance: "Recent studies^1,2^ have shown..."
IEEE Style
Journal Articles
Format: [#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Journal Name, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month Year.
Example: [1] J. D. Smith, M. L. Johnson, and K. R. Williams, "Machine learning approaches in drug discovery," Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301-318, Apr. 2023.
Books
Format: [#] A. A. Author, Title of Book, xth ed. City, State: Publisher, Year.
Example: [2] V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, and J. C. Aster, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2021.
Common Abbreviations for Journal Names
- Nature: Nature (single-word journal titles are not shortened)
- Science: Science
- Cell: Cell
- Nature Reviews Drug Discovery: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- PLOS ONE: PLoS ONE
- Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics
- Nucleic Acids Research: Nucleic Acids Res.
DOI Best Practices
- Always verify DOIs: Use the verify_citations.py script to check all DOIs
- Format as URLs: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy (preferred over doi:10.xxxx/yyyy)
- Separate punctuation from identifiers: APA omits a final period after a DOI URL; other styles may differ. Do not copy prose punctuation into the identifier
- Resolve redirects: Check that DOIs resolve to the correct article
In-Text Citation Guidelines
APA Style
- (Smith et al., 2023)
- Smith et al. (2023) demonstrated...
- Multiple citations: (Brown, 2022; Smith et al., 2023; Zhang, 2024)
Nature Style
- Superscript numbers: Recent studies^1,2^ have shown...
- Or: Recent studies (refs 1,2) have shown...
Chicago Style
- (Smith et al. 2023) for three or more authors
- Smith et al. (2023) found...
Reference List Organization
By Citation Style
- APA, Chicago: Alphabetical by first author's last name
- Nature, Vancouver, IEEE: Numerical order of first appearance in text
Hanging Indents
Most styles use hanging indents where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.
Consistency
Maintain consistent formatting throughout:
- Capitalization (title case vs. sentence case)
- Journal name abbreviations
- DOI presentation
- Author name format
Authoritative style resources
- APA reference examples and reference guide.
- Nature formatting guide.
- Chicago author-date examples.
- NLM Citing Medicine; numbered citation punctuation and author truncation can be journal-specific.
- IEEE reference guide. Its full current text was not retrievable during this refresh; the IEEE examples above remain illustrative and require venue verification.
- Pandoc citation processing; a local CSL file and complete bibliography are required for the selected nondefault style.